Ke kikowaena o ka maikaʻi no nā lako a me nā lako pale (CEPEM), 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON, Kanada
E hoʻohana i ka loulou ma lalo nei e kaʻana like i ka mana kikokikona piha o kēia ʻatikala me kāu mau hoaaloha a me nā hoa hana.aʻo hou mai.
Manaʻo nā keʻena olakino olakino e hoʻohana nā kaiāulu i nā masks e hōʻemi i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā maʻi ea e like me COVID-19.I ka hana ʻana o ka mask ma ke ʻano he kānana kiʻekiʻe, e hoʻemi ʻia ka laha o ka maʻi, no laila he mea nui e loiloi i ka pono kānana particle (PFE) o ka mask.Eia nō naʻe, ʻo nā kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe a me nā manawa alakaʻi lōʻihi e pili ana i ke kūʻai ʻana i kahi ʻōnaehana PFE turnkey a i ʻole ka hoʻolimalima ʻana i kahi keʻena hoʻonaʻauao ʻae ke keʻakeʻa nei i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i nā mea kānana.Aia ka pono no kahi ʻōnaehana ho'āʻo PFE "kūpono";akā naʻe, ʻokoʻa ka ʻokoʻa o nā kūlana like ʻole e kuhikuhi ana i ka hoʻāʻo PFE o nā masks (no ka laʻana, ASTM International, NIOSH) i ka maopopo o kā lākou mau kuʻuna a me nā alakaʻi.Ma aneʻi, wehewehe ʻia ka hoʻomohala ʻana o kahi ʻōnaehana PFE "loko" a me ke ʻano no ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i nā masks i ka pōʻaiapili o nā kūlana o kēia manawa.Wahi a nā kūlana honua o ASTM, hoʻohana ka ʻōnaehana i nā spheres latex (0.1 µm nominal size) aerosol a hoʻohana i ka mea nānā ʻāpana laser e ana i ka neʻe ʻana o ka particle i luna a i lalo o ka mea mask.Hana i nā ana PFE ma nā lole maʻamau a me nā maka lapaʻau.ʻO ke ʻano i wehewehe ʻia ma kēia hana e hoʻokō i nā kūlana o kēia manawa o ka hoʻāʻo PFE, ʻoiai e hāʻawi ana i ka hiki ke hoʻololi i nā pono hoʻololi a me nā kūlana kānana.
Manaʻo nā keʻena olakino olakino e hoʻohana ka lehulehu i nā masks e kaupalena i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o COVID-19 a me nā maʻi ʻē aʻe a me nā maʻi aerosol.[1] ʻO ke koi e ʻaʻahu i nā masks he mea kūpono ia i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka hoʻouna ʻana, a [2] hōʻike i nā masks kaiāulu i hoʻāʻo ʻole ʻia e hāʻawi i ka kānana pono.I ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina hoʻohālike i ka hoʻemi ʻana o ka hoʻouna ʻana o COVID-19 i ka like me ka huahana i hui pū ʻia o ka hopena mask a me ka helu hoʻopaʻa ʻana, a ʻo kēia a me nā ʻano hana ʻē aʻe he hopena synergistic i ka hōʻemi ʻana i nā haukapila a me nā make.[3]
Ua hoʻonui nui ʻia ka nui o nā māka lapaʻau i hōʻoia ʻia a me nā respirator e koi ʻia e ka mālama olakino a me nā limahana hana mua, e hoʻopiʻi ana i nā paʻakikī i ka hana ʻana a me nā kaulahao hoʻolako, a e hoʻāʻo koke i nā mea hana hou a hōʻoia i nā mea hou.Ua hoʻomohala nā hui e like me ASTM International a me ka National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) i nā ʻano maʻamau no ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i nā masks olakino;akā naʻe, ʻokoʻa nā kikoʻī o kēia mau ʻano, a ua hoʻokumu kēlā me kēia hui i kāna mau kūlana hana ponoʻī.
ʻO ka pono kānana particulate (PFE) ka mea nui loa o ka mask no ka mea e pili ana i kona hiki ke kānana i nā mea liʻiliʻi e like me nā aerosol.Pono nā māka lapaʻau e hoʻokō i nā pahuhopu PFE kikoʻī [4-6] i mea e hōʻoia ʻia e nā ʻoihana hoʻoponopono e like me ASTM International a i ʻole NIOSH.Ua hōʻoia ʻia nā masks surgical e ka ASTM, a ua hōʻoia ʻia nā respirators N95 e NIOSH, akā pono nā masks ʻelua e hala i nā waiwai ʻoki PFE kikoʻī.No ka laʻana, pono nā māka N95 e hoʻokō i ka 95% kānana no nā aerosol i haku ʻia me nā ʻāpana paʻakai me ka helu awelika anawaena o 0.075 µm, aʻo ASTM 2100 L3 nā masks surgical pono e hoʻokō i ka 98% kānana no nā aerosol i haku ʻia me nā pōpō latex me ke anawaena awelika o 0.1 µm Filter. .
He kumukūʻai nā koho mua ʻelua (> $1,000 no kēlā me kēia hōʻike hoʻāʻo, i manaʻo ʻia he> $150,000 no nā lako kikoʻī), a i ka wā maʻi maʻi COVID-19, aia nā lohi ma muli o ka lōʻihi o ka lawe ʻana a me nā pilikia lako.ʻO ke kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻāʻo PFE a me nā kuleana i kaupalena ʻia - i hui pū ʻia me ka nele o ke alakaʻi koʻikoʻi e pili ana i nā loiloi hana maʻamau - ua alakaʻi i nā mea noiʻi e hoʻohana i nā ʻōnaehana hoʻāʻo maʻamau, i hoʻokumu pinepine ʻia ma luna o hoʻokahi a ʻoi aku paha nā kūlana no nā maka lapaʻau i hōʻoia ʻia.
ʻO nā mea hana hoʻāʻo mea mask kūikawā i loaʻa i loko o nā palapala i loaʻa e like me nā kūlana NIOSH i ʻōlelo ʻia a i ʻole ASTM F2100/F2299.Eia naʻe, hiki i nā mea noiʻi ke koho a hoʻololi paha i ka hoʻolālā a i ʻole nā ʻāpana hana e like me kā lākou makemake.No ka laʻana, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka wikiwiki o ka ʻili, ka nui o ka ea/aerosol, ka nui o ka laʻana (kahi), a me ka haku mele aerosol.Nui nā haʻawina hou i hoʻohana i nā mea hana maʻamau e loiloi i nā mea mask.Hoʻohana kēia mau mea hana i nā aerosol sodium chloride a kokoke i nā kūlana NIOSH.No ka laʻana, ʻo Rogak et al.(2020), Zangmeister et al.(2020), Drunic et al.(2020) a me Joo et al.(2021) E hana nā mea hana a pau i ka sodium chloride aerosol (nā nui like ʻole), ka mea i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e ka hoʻoiho uila, hoʻoheheʻe ʻia me ka ea kānana a hoʻouna ʻia i ka laʻana mea, kahi o ka optical particle sizer, condensed particles o nā ana like ʻole. 14-16] Konda et al.(2020) a me Hao et al.(2020) Ua kūkulu ʻia kahi mea like, akā ʻaʻole i hoʻokomo ʻia ka neutralizer charge.[8, 17] Ma kēia mau haʻawina, ʻokoʻa ka wikiwiki o ka ea i ka hāpana ma waena o 1 a me 90 L min-1 (i kekahi manawa e ʻike i nā hopena kahe / wikiwiki);akā naʻe, aia ka wikiwiki o ka ʻili ma waena o 5.3 a me 25 knm s-1 ma waena.ʻOkoʻa ka nui o ka laʻana ma waena o ≈3.4 a me 59 cm2.
Ma kahi ʻē aʻe, liʻiliʻi nā haʻawina e pili ana i ka loiloi o nā mea mask ma o nā mea hana e hoʻohana ana i ka latex aerosol, kahi kokoke i ka maʻamau ASTM F2100/F2299.Eia kekahi laʻana, Bagheri et al.(2021), Shakya et al.(2016) a me Lu et al.(2020) Ua kūkulu ʻia kahi mea hana e hana ai i ka polystyrene latex aerosol, i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia a hoʻouna ʻia i nā mea hoʻohālike, kahi i hoʻohana ʻia ai nā ʻano loiloi ʻāpana like ʻole a i ʻole ka nānā ʻana i nā mea kānana nui o ka mobility mobility no ke ana ʻana i ka ʻike.[18-20] A o Lu et al.Ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi mea hoʻokaʻawale i lalo o kā lākou aerosol generator, a ʻaʻole i hana nā mea kākau o nā haʻawina ʻelua.Ua loli iki ke kahe o ka ea i loko o ka hāpana—akā i loko o nā palena o ke kūlana F2299—mai ≈7.3 a i 19 L min-1.ʻO ka wikiwiki o ka ea i aʻo ʻia e Bagheri et al.ʻo 2 a me 10 knm s–1 (i loko o ka laulā maʻamau), kēlā me kēia.A ʻo Lu et al., a me Shakya et al.[18-20] Eia kekahi, ʻo ka mea kākau a me Shakya et al.i hoʻāʻo ʻia nā pōʻai latex o nā ʻano nui (ʻo ia hoʻi, ka laulā, 20 nm a 2500 nm).A ʻo Lu et al.Ma ka liʻiliʻi ma kekahi o kā lākou hoʻāʻo ʻana, hoʻohana lākou i ka nui 100 nm (0.1 µm) i kuhikuhi ʻia.
Ma kēia hana, wehewehe mākou i nā pilikia a mākou e kū nei i ka hana ʻana i kahi hāmeʻa PFE e kūlike me nā kūlana ASTM F2100/F2299 e like me ka hiki.Ma waena o nā kūlana kaulana nui (ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo NIOSH a me ASTM F2100/F2299), hāʻawi ka maʻamau ASTM i ka maʻalahi i nā ʻāpana (e like me ke kahe o ka ea) e aʻo i ka hana kānana e hoʻopilikia ai i ka PFE i nā masks non-medical.Eia naʻe, e like me kā mākou i hōʻike ai, hāʻawi kēia maʻalahi i kahi pae o ka paʻakikī i ka hoʻolālā ʻana i ia mau mea hana.
Ua kūʻai ʻia nā kemika mai Sigma-Aldrich a hoʻohana ʻia e like me ia.Hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia ʻo Styrene monomer (≥99%) ma o ke kolamu aniani i loaʻa kahi mea hoʻohemo alumina inhibitor, i hoʻolālā ʻia e wehe i ka tert-butylcatechol.ʻO ka wai deionized (≈0.037 µS cm–1) mai ka ʻōnaehana hoʻomaʻemaʻe wai ʻo Sartorius Arium.
100% pulupulu ulana laula (Muslin CT) me ka nominal kaumaha o 147 gm-2 mai Veratex Lining Ltd., QC, a me ka ohe/spandex huila mai D. Zinman Textiles, QC.No nā mea kūʻai lole lole kūloko (Fabricland).Aia kēia mau mea i ʻelua mau lole 100% pulupulu i ulana ʻia (me nā paʻi ʻokoʻa), hoʻokahi pulupulu/spandex lole i ulana ʻia, ʻelua lole pulupulu/polyester i ulana ʻia (hoʻokahi "universal" a hoʻokahi "ʻaʻahu lole lole") a me kahi pulupulu ʻole / polypropylene i hui ʻia. mea paʻi pulupulu.Hōʻike ka papa 1 i kahi hōʻuluʻulu o nā waiwai lole i ʻike ʻia.I mea e hoʻohālikelike ai i nā mea hana hou, ua loaʻa nā māka lapaʻau i hōʻoia ʻia mai nā haukapila kūloko, me ka ASTM 2100 Level 2 (L2) a me ka Level 3 (L3; Halyard) i hōʻoia ʻia i nā māka lapaʻau a me nā respirators N95 (3M).
Ua ʻoki ʻia kahi laʻana pōʻai ma kahi o 85 mm anawaena mai kēlā me kēia mea e hoʻāʻo ʻia;ʻaʻole i hoʻololi hou ʻia ka mea (e laʻa, holoi).E hoʻopaʻa i ka loop loop i loko o ka pahu laʻana o ka mea PFE no ka hoʻāʻo ʻana.ʻO 73 mm ke anawaena maoli o ka hāpana e pili ana me ke kahe o ka ea, a hoʻohana ʻia nā mea i koe e hoʻoponopono paʻa i ka hāpana.No ka mask i hui ʻia, ʻo ka ʻaoʻao e hoʻopā aku i ka maka i ka aerosol o ka mea i hoʻolako ʻia.
ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka monodisperse anionic polystyrene latex spheres e ka emulsion polymerization.E like me ke kaʻina hana i wehewehe ʻia ma ka noiʻi mua, ua hana ʻia ka hopena ma ke ʻano semi-batch o ka pōloli monomer.[21, 22] E hoʻohui i ka wai deionized (160 mL) i loko o kahi hue wai poʻe ʻekolu ʻāʻī o lalo a waiho i loko o kahi ʻauʻau aila hoʻouluulu.Hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia ka ipu me ka naikokene a me ka inhibitor-free styrene monomer (2.1 mL) i hoʻohui ʻia i ka ipu i hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia.Ma hope o 10 mau minuke ma 70 °C, hoʻohui i ka sodium lauryl sulfate (0.235 g) i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai deionized (8 mL).Ma hope o 5 mau minuke, hoʻohui ʻia ka potassium persulfate (0.5 g) i ka wai deionized (2 mL).I loko o nā hola 5 e hiki mai ana, e hoʻohana i ka pamu syringe e hoʻokomo mālie i ka styrene inhibitor-free hou (20 mL) i loko o ka ipu ma ka 66 µL min-1.Ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ka infusion styrene, hoʻomau ka hopena no 17 mau hola.A laila wehe ʻia ka ipu a hoʻomaha ʻia e hoʻopau i ka polymerization.Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka emulsion polystyrene latex synthesized i ka wai deionized i loko o kahi paipu dialysis SnakeSkin (3500 Da molecular weight cut-off) no ʻelima mau lā, a ua hoʻololi ʻia ka wai deionized i kēlā me kēia lā.Wehe i ka emulsion mai ka paipu dialysis a mālama i loko o ka friji ma 4°C a hiki i ka hoʻohana ʻana.
Hana ʻia ʻo Dynamic light scattering (DLS) me Brookhaven 90Plus analyzer, ʻo 659 nm ka lōʻihi hawewe laser, a ʻo 90 ° ke kihi ʻike.E hoʻohana i ka lako polokalamu hoʻonā particle i kūkulu ʻia (v2.6; Brookhaven Instruments Corporation) e kālailai i ka ʻikepili.Hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka latex me ka wai deionized a hiki i ka helu ʻana o ka pōpō ma kahi o 500 tausani helu kekona (kcps).Ua hoʻoholo ʻia ka nui o nā ʻāpana he 125 ± 3 nm, a ʻo ka polydispersity i hōʻike ʻia he 0.289 ± 0.006.
A ZetaPlus zeta hiki ana i ka anaana (Brookhaven Instruments Corp.) ua hoʻohana 'ia no ka loaʻaʻana o ka waiwai ana o ka zeta hiki i loko o ka māhele anaana malamalama kukui scattering mode.Hoʻomākaukau ʻia ka laʻana ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i kahi aliquot o ka latex i kahi 5 × 10-3m NaCl solution a hoʻoheheʻe hou i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka latex no ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi helu ʻāpana ma kahi o 500 kcps.ʻElima mau ana i hana hou ʻia (ʻo kēlā me kēia me 30 mau holo) i hana ʻia, ka hopena i kahi waiwai hiki ke zeta o -55.1 ± 2.8 mV, kahi i hōʻike ʻia ai ka hewa i ka deviation maʻamau o ka waiwai awelika o nā repetitions ʻelima.Hōʻike kēia mau ana i ka hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻana o nā ʻāpana a hana i kahi hoʻomaha paʻa.Hiki ke loaʻa ka DLS a me ka zeta ʻikepili ma nā papa ʻike kākoʻo S2 a me S3.
Ua kūkulu mākou i nā mea hana e like me nā kūlana ASTM International, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma lalo nei a hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 1. Hoʻohana ʻia ka mea hoʻoheheʻe aerosol blaustein-jet Blaustein (BLAM; CHTech) aerosol generator e hana i nā aerosol i loaʻa nā pōpō latex.ʻO ke kahawai ea kānana (loaʻa ma o GE Healthcare Whatman 0.3 µm HEPA-CAP a me 0.2 µm POLYCAP TF kānana i ka moʻo) komo i ka aerosol generator ma ke kaomi o 20 psi (6.9 kPa) a hoʻātomize i kahi hapa o ka 5 mg L-1 hoʻokuʻu ʻia Hoʻokomo ʻia ka wai i loko o ka pōpō latex o nā mea hana ma o ka pamu syringe (KD Scientific Model 100).Hoʻomaloʻo ʻia nā ʻāpana pulu aerosolized ma ke kahe ʻana i ke kahawai ea e waiho ana i ka mea hana aerosol ma o kahi mea hoʻololi wela tubular.ʻO ka mea hoʻololi wela he 5/8 "ʻeha ʻili kila kila me kahi wili wela 8 kapuaʻi ka lōʻihi.ʻO 216 W (BriskHeat) ka hopena.E like me kāna kelepona hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia, ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka hopena wela i ka 40% o ka waiwai nui o ka hāmeʻa (≈86 W);ʻO kēia ka awelika o ka pā o waho o 112 °C (ka hoʻokaʻawale maʻamau ≈1 °C), i hoʻoholo ʻia e kahi ana thermocouple i kau ʻia ma luna (Taylor USA).Hōʻuluʻulu ke kiʻi S4 i ka ʻike kākoʻo i ka hana wela.
Hoʻohui ʻia nā ʻāpana atomized maloʻo me ka leo nui o ka ea kānana e loaʻa i ka huina holo kahe o ka ea o 28.3 L min-1 (ʻo ia hoʻi, 1 cubic kapuaʻi i kēlā me kēia minuke).Ua koho ʻia kēia waiwai no ka mea ʻo ia ke kahe kahe pololei o ka mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻeleʻele laser sampling ma lalo o ka ʻōnaehana.Hoʻouna ʻia ke kahawai ea e lawe ana i nā ʻāpana latex i kekahi o nā keʻena kūʻokoʻa like ʻelua (ʻo ia hoʻi nā paipu kila kuhili ʻole i ka paia): kahi keʻena "mana" me ka ʻole o ka mea huna, a i ʻole ke keʻena "laʻana" i ʻoki ʻia me ka wehe ʻana. hoʻokomo ʻia ma waho o ka lole.ʻO 73 mm ka anawaena o loko o nā keʻena ʻelua, e like me ke anawaena o loko o ka mea paʻa hāpana.Hoʻohana ka mea paʻa i nā apo i hoʻopaʻa ʻia a hoʻopaʻa ʻia e hoʻopaʻa paʻa i ka mea huna, a laila hoʻokomo i ka bracket detachable i loko o ke āpau o ke keʻena hāpana, a hoʻopaʻa paʻa iā ia i loko o ka hāmeʻa me nā gaskets rubber a me nā clamps (Figure S2, kākoʻo ʻike).
ʻO ke anawaena o ka laʻana lole e pili ana i ka ea he 73 mm (wahi = 41.9 cm2);ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o ke keʻena hāpana i ka wā o ka hoʻāʻo.Hoʻololi ʻia ka ea e haʻalele ana i ke keʻena "mana" a i ʻole "sample" i kahi mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻāpana laser (nā ʻōnaehana ana ʻāpana LASAIR III 110) e ana i ka helu a me ka neʻe ʻana o nā ʻāpana latex.Hōʻike ka mea hoʻoponopono kikoʻī i nā palena haʻahaʻa a me luna o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o ka ʻāpana, kēlā me kēia 2 × 10-4 a me ≈34 mau ʻāpana no ka cubic foot (7 a me ≈950 000 particles per cubic foot).No ke ana ʻana i ka ʻāpana latex, ua hōʻike ʻia ka ʻāpana ʻāpana i loko o kahi "pahu" me ka palena haʻahaʻa a me ka palena kiʻekiʻe o 0.10-0.15 µm, e pili ana i ka nui o nā ʻāpana latex singlet i loko o ka aerosol.Eia nō naʻe, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā nui bin ʻē aʻe, a hiki ke loiloi ʻia nā pahu he nui i ka manawa like, me ka nui o ka nui o 5 µm.
ʻO nā mea hana pū kekahi me nā lako ʻē aʻe, e like me nā mea hana no ka holoi ʻana i ke keʻena a me ka mea kānana ʻeleʻele me ka ea kānana maʻemaʻe, a me nā kiwi a me nā mea pono (Figure 1).Hōʻike ʻia nā kiʻi paipu piha a me nā mea hana ma ke Kiʻi S1 a me ka Papa S1 o ka ʻike kākoʻo.
I ka wā o ka hoʻokolohua, ua hoʻokomo ʻia ka latex suspension i loko o ka mea hana aerosol ma kahi kahe kahe o ≈60 a 100 µL min-1 no ka mālama ʻana i kahi huahana paʻa paʻa, ma kahi o 14-25 mau ʻāpana i kēlā me kēia cubic centimeter (400 000-per cubic centimeter) 700 000 mau ʻāpana).Nā wāwae) i loko o kahi pahu me ka nui o 0.10–0.15 µm.Pono kēia ʻano kahe kahe ma muli o nā loli i ʻike ʻia i ka neʻe ʻana o nā ʻāpana latex i lalo o ka mea hana aerosol, e pili ana paha i nā loli i ka nui o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka latex i hopu ʻia e ka pahele wai o ka mea hana aerosol.
I mea e ana i ka PFE o ka la'ana lole i haawiia, ua hooili mua ia ka aerosol particle latex ma o ke keena hoomalu a laila kuhikuhi ia i ka mea anaana.E ana mau i ka neʻe ʻana o ʻekolu mau ʻāpana i ka holomua wikiwiki, ʻo kēlā me kēia me hoʻokahi minuke.Hōʻike ka mea hōʻike ʻikepili i ka manawa awelika o nā ʻāpana i ka wā o ka nānā ʻana, ʻo ia hoʻi, ka awelika o nā ʻāpana i hoʻokahi minuke (28.3 L) o ka hāpana.Ma hope o ka lawe ʻana i kēia mau ana kumu no ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi helu paʻa a me ke kahe o ke kinoea, hoʻoneʻe ʻia ka aerosol i ke keʻena hāpana.Ke hiki ka ʻōnaehana i ke kaulike (maʻa mau 60-90 kekona), lawe ʻia nā ana ʻekolu mau minuke hoʻokahi i ka wikiwiki.Hōʻike kēia mau ana laʻana i ka neʻe ʻana o nā ʻāpana e hele ana ma ka hāpana lole.Ma hope mai, ma ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ke kahe aerosol i ke keʻena hoʻomalu, ua lawe ʻia ʻekolu ana ʻana o nā ʻāpana ʻāpana mai ke keʻena hoʻomalu e hōʻoia ʻaʻole i loli nui ka neʻe ʻana o ka ʻili i luna i ke kaʻina loiloi loiloi holoʻokoʻa.Ma muli o ka hoʻolālā ʻana o nā keʻena ʻelua he like ia-koe naʻe ka keʻena hāpana hiki ke hoʻokipa i ka mea paʻa hāpana-hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia nā kūlana kahe i loko o ke keʻena, no laila ke ʻano o nā ʻāpana o ke kinoea e haʻalele ana i ke keʻena hoʻomalu a me ke keʻena hāpana. hiki ke hoohalikeia.
I mea e mālama ai i ke ola o ka mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻeleʻele a wehe i nā ʻāpana aerosol i loko o ka ʻōnaehana ma waena o kēlā me kēia hoʻāʻo, e hoʻohana i ka ea kānana HEPA e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka mea kānana ʻāpana ma hope o kēlā me kēia ana, a hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ke keʻena hāpana ma mua o ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā laʻana.E ʻoluʻolu e nānā i ke Kiʻi S1 ma ka ʻike kākoʻo no kahi kiʻi kiʻi o ka ʻōnaehana hoʻoheheʻe ea ma ka hāmeʻa PFE.
Hōʻike kēia helu ʻana i kahi ana PFE "hana hou" hoʻokahi no kahi laʻana mea hoʻokahi a ua like ia me ka helu PFE ma ASTM F2299 (Equation (2)).
ʻO nā mea i hōʻike ʻia ma §2.1 ua hoʻokūkū ʻia me nā aerosol latex me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hana PFE i wehewehe ʻia ma §2.3 e hoʻoholo ai i ko lākou kūpono e like me nā mea mask.Hōʻike ke kiʻi 2 i nā heluhelu i loaʻa mai ka mea hoʻopaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, a ua ana ʻia nā waiwai PFE o nā lole wili a me nā mea batting i ka manawa like.Ua hana ʻia ʻekolu hōʻike hoʻohālike no ka huina o ʻelua mau mea a me ʻeono hana hou.ʻIke loa, ʻokoʻa ka heluhelu mua ʻana i ka helu helu ʻekolu (i uhi ʻia me ka waihoʻoluʻu māmā) mai nā heluhelu ʻelua ʻē aʻe.No ka laʻana, ʻokoʻa ka heluhelu mua me ka awelika o nā heluhelu ʻelua ʻelua ma ka 12-15 triple ma ke Kiʻi 2 ma mua o 5%.Pili kēia nānā ʻana i ke koena o ka ea aerosol e kahe ana ma o ka mea hoʻoponopono ʻāpana.E like me ka mea i kūkākūkā ʻia i loko o nā Materials and Methods, ua hoʻohana ʻia nā heluhelu kaulike (ka mana ʻelua a me ke kolu a me nā helu helu helu) no ka helu ʻana i ka PFE ma nā aniani uliuli a me ka ʻulaʻula ma ke Kiʻi 2.Ma ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa, he 78% ± 2% ka waiwai PFE awelika o nā mea hoʻopiʻi ʻekolu no ka lole ʻaʻahu a me 74% ± 2% no nā mea paʻi pulupulu.
No ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka hana o ka ʻōnaehana, ua loiloi pū ʻia nā maka lapaʻau i hōʻoia ʻia ʻo ASTM 2100 (L2, L3) a me NIOSH respirators (N95).Hoʻonohonoho ka maʻamau ASTM F2100 i ka pono kānana kānana sub-micron o nā ʻāpana 0.1 µm o ka pae 2 a me ka pae 3 masks i ≥ 95% a me ≥ 98%, kēlā me kēia.[5] Pēlā nō, pono e hōʻike nā respirator N95 i hōʻoia ʻia e NIOSH i ka pono kānana o ≥95% no nā nanoparticles NaCl atomized me ka awelika anawaena o 0.075 µm.[24] Rengasamy et al.Wahi a nā hōʻike, hōʻike nā masks N95 like i kahi waiwai PFE o 99.84% -99.98%, [25] Zangmeister et al.Wahi a nā hōʻike, hoʻopuka kā lākou N95 i ka pono kānana liʻiliʻi ma mua o 99.9%, [14] ʻoiai ʻo Joo et al.Wahi a nā hōʻike, 3M N95 masks i hana i ka 99% o PFE (300 nm particles), [16] a me Hao et al.ʻO ka N95 PFE (300 nm particles) i hōʻike ʻia he 94.4%.[17] No nā masks N95 ʻelua i hoʻokūkū ʻia e Shakya et al.me 0.1 µm pōpō latex, hāʻule ka PFE ma waena o 80% a me 100%.[19] I ka manawa a Lu et al.Ke hoʻohana nei i nā pōpō latex o ka nui like e loiloi i nā masks N95, hōʻike ʻia ka awelika PFE he 93.8%.[20] ʻO nā hopena i loaʻa me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hana i wehewehe ʻia ma kēia hana e hōʻike ana ʻo ka PFE o ka mask N95 he 99.2 ± 0.1%, kahi i ʻaelike maikaʻi me ka hapa nui o nā haʻawina mua.
Ua hoʻāʻo ʻia nā masks ʻokiʻoki i kekahi mau haʻawina.ʻO nā maka o Hao et al.ua hōʻike i kahi PFE (300 nm particles) o 73.4%, [17] ʻoiai ʻo nā masks surgical ʻekolu i hoʻāʻo ʻia e Drewnick et al.Hoʻopuka ka PFE mai kahi o 60% a kokoke i 100%.[15] (ʻO ka mask hope he kumu hoʻohālike i hōʻoia ʻia.) Eia naʻe, ʻo Zangmeister et al.Wahi a nā hōʻike, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa kānana haʻahaʻa o nā masks surgical ʻelua i hoʻāʻo ʻia ma mua o 30%, [14] haʻahaʻa loa ma mua o nā masks surgical i hoʻāʻo ʻia ma kēia haʻawina.Pēlā nō, ʻo ka "blue surgical mask" i hoʻāʻo ʻia e Joo et al.E hōʻoia i ka PFE (300 nm particles) he 22% wale nō.[16] ʻO Shakya et al.Ua hōʻike ʻo ka PFE o nā masks surgical (me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻāpana latex 0.1 µm) i emi iho ma kahi o 60-80%.[19] Me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pōpō latex o ka nui like, ua hoʻopuka ʻo Lu et al.'s surgical mask i ka hopena PFE awelika o 80.2%.[20] I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ʻo ka PFE o kā mākou L2 mask he 94.2 ± 0.6%, a ʻo ka PFE o ka L3 mask he 94.9 ± 0.3%.ʻOiai ua ʻoi aku kēia mau PFE ma mua o nā PFE he nui i loko o ka palapala, pono mākou e hoʻomaopopo he aneane ʻaʻohe pae hōʻoia i ʻōlelo ʻia ma ka noiʻi mua, a ua loaʻa i kā mākou masks surgical ka pae 2 a me ka pae 3 hōʻoia.
Ma ke ʻano like me ka nānā ʻana i nā mea mask moho ma ke Kiʻi 2, ua hana ʻia ʻekolu mau hoʻokolohua ma nā mea ʻeono ʻē aʻe e hoʻoholo ai i ko lākou kūpono i ka mask a hōʻike i ka hana o ka mea PFE.Hoʻolālā ka kiʻi 3 i nā waiwai PFE o nā mea i hoʻāʻo ʻia a hoʻohālikelike iā lākou me nā waiwai PFE i loaʻa ma ka loiloi ʻana i nā mea mask L3 a me N95 i hōʻoia ʻia.Mai ka 11 masks/candidate mask material i koho ʻia no kēia hana, hiki ke ʻike maopopo ʻia kahi ākea o ka hana PFE, mai ≈10% a kokoke i 100%, kūlike me nā haʻawina ʻē aʻe, [8, 9, 15] a me nā mea wehewehe ʻoihana. ʻAʻohe pilina maopopo ma waena o PFE a me PFE.No ka laʻana, ʻo nā mea me ka haku mele like (ʻelua 100% pulupulu samples a me ka pulupulu muslin) hōʻike i nā waiwai PFE ʻokoʻa loa (14%, 54%, a me 13%, kēlā me kēia).Akā, he mea nui ka hana haʻahaʻa (no ka laʻana, 100% pulupulu A; PFE ≈ 14%), hana maʻamau (no ka laʻana, 70%/30% pulupulu/polyester blend; PFE ≈ 49%) a me ka hana kiʻekiʻe (no ka laʻana, lole lole lole; PFE ≈ 78%) Hiki ke ʻike maopopo ʻia ka lole me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā lako PFE i wehewehe ʻia ma kēia hana.ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o nā lole wili a me nā mea paʻi pulupulu, me nā PFE mai 70% a 80%.Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ia mau mea hana kiʻekiʻe a nānā ʻia i nā kikoʻī hou aku e hoʻomaopopo i nā hiʻohiʻona e kōkua i kā lākou hana kānana kiʻekiʻe.Eia nō naʻe, makemake mākou e hoʻomanaʻo no ka mea ʻokoʻa loa nā hopena PFE o nā mea me nā wehewehe ʻoihana like (ʻo ia hoʻi nā mea pulupulu), ʻaʻole hōʻike kēia mau ʻikepili i nā mea i hoʻohana nui ʻia no nā masks lole, a ʻaʻole mākou i manaʻo e hoʻohālikelike i nā waiwai- nā ʻano mea.ʻO ka pilina hana.Hāʻawi mākou i nā laʻana kikoʻī e hōʻike i ka calibration, hōʻike i ka uhi ʻana o ke ana i ka laulā holoʻokoʻa o ka hiki ke kānana pono, a hāʻawi i ka nui o ka hewa ana.
Loaʻa iā mākou kēia mau hopena PFE e hōʻoiaʻiʻo i kā mākou mea hana he ākea ākea o ka hiki ke ana, haʻahaʻa hewa, a hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka ʻikepili i loaʻa i ka palapala.No ka laʻana, ʻo Zangmeister et al.Hōʻike ʻia nā hualoaʻa PFE o kekahi mau lole pulupulu i ulana ʻia (e laʻa me “Cotton 1-11″) (89 a 812 mau kaula no kēlā me kēia ʻīniha).Ma 9 o nā mea 11, ʻo ka "minimum filtration efficiency" mai 0% a 25%;ʻO ka PFE o nā mea ʻelua ʻelua e pili ana i 32%.[14] Pēlā nō, ʻo Konda et al.Hōʻike ʻia ka ʻikepili PFE o ʻelua mau lole pulupulu (80 a me 600 TPI; 153 a me 152 gm-2).Aia ka PFE mai 7% a 36% a me 65% a 85%.Ma ke aʻo ʻana o Drewnick et al., i nā lole pulupulu papa hoʻokahi (ʻo ia hoʻi ka pulupulu, pulupulu pulupulu, moleton; 139–265 TPI; 80–140 gm–2), ʻo ka laulā o nā mea PFE ma kahi o 10% a 30%.Ma ke aʻo ʻana o Joo et al., kā lākou 100% pulupulu mea he PFE o 8% (300 nm particles).Bagheri et al.hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻāpana latex polystyrene o 0.3 a 0.5 µm.Ua ana ʻia ka PFE o nā mea pulupulu ʻeono (120-200 TPI; 136-237 gm-2), mai 0% a 20%.[18] No laila, ʻo ka hapa nui o kēia mau mea i ʻaelike maikaʻi me nā hopena PFE o kā mākou mau lole pulupulu ʻekolu (ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo Veratex Muslin CT, Fabric Store Cottons A a me B), a ʻo ko lākou awelika kānana pono he 13%, 14% a me kēlā me kēia.54%.Hōʻike kēia mau hopena i nā ʻokoʻa nui ma waena o nā mea pulupulu a me nā waiwai waiwai e alakaʻi i ka PFE kiʻekiʻe (ʻo ia hoʻi ka pulupulu 600 TPI o Konda et al.; kā mākou pulupulu B).
I ka hana ʻana i kēia mau hoʻohālikelike, ʻae mākou he paʻakikī ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mea i hoʻāʻo ʻia i loko o ka palapala i loaʻa nā ʻano like (ʻo ia hoʻi, haku mele, ulana a ulana, TPI, kaumaha, etc.) me nā mea i hoʻāʻo ʻia i kēia haʻawina, a no laila ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohālikelike pololei ʻia.Eia kekahi,ʻo kaʻokoʻa o nā mea kani i hoʻohanaʻia e nā mea kākau a me ka nele o ka hoʻonohonoho maʻamau e paʻakikī i ka hoʻohālikelike maikaʻi.Akā naʻe, maopopo ʻaʻole maopopo ka pilina hana/hana o nā lole maʻamau.E ho'āʻo houʻia nā mea me nā mea maʻamau, maʻalahi a hilinaʻi (e like me nā mea hana i weheweheʻia ma kēia hana) e hoʻoholo i kēia mau pilina.
ʻOiai he hapa helu helu helu (0-5%) ma waena o kahi hoʻopiʻi hoʻokahi (0-4%) a me nā laʻana i kālai ʻia ma ke ʻano ʻekolu, ʻo nā mea hana i manaʻo ʻia ma kēia hana i hōʻike ʻia he mea hana pono no ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka PFE o nā mea like ʻole.Nā lole maʻamau i nā maka lapaʻau hōʻoia.Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ma waena o nā mea 11 i hoʻāʻo ʻia no ka Figure 3, ʻoi aku ka hewa o ka propagation σprop i ka ʻokoʻa maʻamau ma waena o nā ana PFE o kahi hāpana hoʻokahi, ʻo ia hoʻi, ka σsd o 9 o 11 mau mea;Loaʻa kēia mau ʻokoʻa ʻelua i ka waiwai PFE kiʻekiʻe loa (ʻo ia hoʻi, L2 a me L3 mask).ʻOiai nā hopena i hōʻike ʻia e Rengasamy et al.E hōʻike ana he liʻiliʻi ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā hoʻohālike hou (ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻelima repetitions <0.29%), [25] ua aʻo lākou i nā mea me nā waiwai kānana kiʻekiʻe i hoʻolālā ʻia no ka hana ʻana i ka mask: ʻoi aku ka ʻano o ka mea ponoʻī, a ʻo ka hoʻāʻo hoʻi kēia. ʻoi aku ka kūlike o ka wahi o ka pae PFE.Ma ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa, ʻo nā hopena i loaʻa me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kā mākou mea hana e kūlike me ka ʻikepili PFE a me nā kūlana hōʻoia i loaʻa e nā mea noiʻi ʻē aʻe.
ʻOiai he hōʻailona koʻikoʻi ka PFE no ke ana ʻana i ka hana o kahi mask, i kēia manawa pono mākou e hoʻomanaʻo i ka poʻe heluhelu e noʻonoʻo i kahi loiloi piha o nā mea mask e hiki mai ana e noʻonoʻo i nā kumu ʻē aʻe, ʻo ia hoʻi, ka permeability material (ʻo ia hoʻi, ma o ka hāʻule ʻana o ke kaomi a i ʻole ka hoʻāʻo ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa. ).Aia nā lula ma ASTM F2100 a me F3502.Pono ka hanu ʻae ʻia no ka hōʻoluʻolu o ka mea hoʻohana a pale i ka leakage o ka ʻaoʻao mask i ka wā hanu.Ma muli o ka like ʻole o ka PFE a me ka ea permeability o nā mea maʻamau he nui, pono e hana ʻia ke ana hoʻohaʻahaʻa kaomi me ke ana PFE e loiloi piha i ka hana o ka mea mask.
Manaʻo mākou he mea nui nā alakaʻi no ke kūkulu ʻana i nā lako PFE e like me ka ASTM F2299 no ka hoʻomaikaʻi mau ʻana i nā kūlana, ka hana ʻana o ka ʻikepili noiʻi e hiki ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia ma waena o nā keʻena noiʻi, a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka kānana aerosol.E hilinaʻi wale i ka maʻamau NIOSH (a i ʻole F3502), e kuhikuhi ana i kahi hāmeʻa hoʻokahi (TSI 8130A) a kaohi i ka poʻe noiʻi mai ke kūʻai ʻana i nā hāmeʻa turnkey (e like me nā ʻōnaehana TSI).ʻO ka hilinaʻi ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana maʻamau e like me TSI 8130A he mea nui ia no ka hōʻoia maʻamau o kēia manawa, akā e kaupalena i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā masks, respirators, a me nā ʻenehana kānana aerosol e kūʻē i ka holomua noiʻi.He mea pono ke hoʻomaopopo ʻia ua hoʻomohala ʻia ka maʻamau NIOSH ma ke ʻano he ala no ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i nā respirator ma lalo o nā kūlana paʻakikī i manaʻo ʻia i ka wā e pono ai kēia mea hana, akā i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia, hoʻāʻo ʻia nā masks surgical e nā ala ASTM F2100/F2299.ʻO ke ʻano a me ke ʻano o nā masks kaiāulu e like me nā masks surgical, ʻaʻole ia he manaʻo he hana maikaʻi kā lākou kānana e like me N95.Inā loiloi ʻia nā masks ʻokiʻoki e like me ka ASTM F2100/F2299, pono e nānā ʻia nā lole maʻamau me kahi ala kokoke i ka ASTM F2100/F2299.Eia kekahi, ʻae ʻo ASTM F2299 i ka hiki ke hoʻololi hou i nā ʻāpana like ʻole (e like me ke kahe o ka ea a me ka wikiwiki o ka ʻili i nā haʻawina hoʻomaʻamaʻa kānana), hiki ke hoʻolilo iā ia i kūlana kiʻekiʻe ma kahi o ka noiʻi.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: ʻAukake-30-2021